Reading and understanding time and dates are important when you learn a foreign language. If you think of traveling to other countries, it is important to check the local time and when the check-in is to a hotel first. Also, it is necessary to study them for various scheduled activities to interact with native speakers.
Therefore, we will learn the definitions related to time and dates in Korean and practice how to use and count time-related expressions with the sample sentences that could be used in daily life.
Time
In Korean, there are two ways to read time: the 12-hour and the 24-hour clock systems. Koreans usually apply the 12-hour clock system to read the time in daily life. If you want to use this clock system, you should make sure that you need to add A.M. and P.M. to avoid confusion. Let’s learn how these two clock systems work now.
Reading 12-hour Clock
The 12-hour clock system divides the 24-hour system into two 12-hour units.
1. A.M. = the first 12-hour which refers to the time from dawn to morning.
2. P.M. = the second 12-hour which refers to the time from afternoon to night.
오전 (A.M.)
자정 (Midnight) : the time falls between 12:00 am to 12:59 am
새벽 (Dawn) : the time falls between 1:00 am and 6:59 am
아침 (Morning) : the time falls between 7:00 am and 8:59 am
오전 (Before noon) : the time falls between 9:00 am and 11:59 am
오후 (P.M.)
정오 (Noon) : the time falls between 12:00 pm and 12:59 pm
오후 (Afternoon) : 1:00 pm to 5:59 pm
저녁 (Evening) : 6:00 pm to 8:59 pm
밤 (Night) : 9:00 pm to 11:00 pm
*낮 (afternoon) can be used as the time between 12:00 pm and 2:00 pm.
As I mentioned above, if you read the time with the 12-hour clock system, you need to specify 오전 (A.M.) and 오후 (P.M.) to clarify the time. For now, we are going to learn how to read hours (시), minutes (분), and seconds (초) with the 12-hour clock system in Korean. When you read hours (시) in Korean, you should make sure that you use the native Korean numbers, and you use the Sino-Korean numbers for minutes (분) and second (초).
Hour (시)
1. 3:00 am = 새벽 세 시
2. 8:00 am = 아침 여덟 시
3. 10:00 am = 오전 열 시
4. 2:00 pm = 오후 두 시
5. 7:00 pm = 저녁 일곱 시
6. 11:00 pm = 밤 열한 시
Minute (분)
1. 3:20 am = 새벽 세 시 이십 분
2. 8:12 am = 아침 여덟 시 십이 분
3. 10:25 am = 오전 열 시 이십오 분
4. 2:37 pm = 오후 두 시 삼십칠 분
5. 7:41 pm = 저녁 일곱 시 사십일 분
6. 11:56 pm = 밤 열한 시 오십육 분
Second (초)
1. 3:20:15 am = 새벽 세시 이십 분 십오 초
2. 8:12:24 am = 아침 여덟 시 십이 분 이십사 초
3. 10:25:09 am = 오전 열 시 이십오 분 구 초
4. 2:37:35 pm = 오후 두 시 삼십칠 분 삼십오 초
5. 7:41:59 pm = 저녁 일곱 시 사십일 분 오십구 초
6. 11:56:42 pm = 밤 열한 시 오십육 분 사십이 초
Note
1. 정각 = o’clock
It can be used to emphasize the time.
정각 한 시입니다. (It is 1 o’clock)
2. 30분 & 반 (half of an hour)
Both have the same meaning, so it can be used either one when you read the time.
오후 다섯 시 삼십 분 or 오후 다섯 시 반 (= 5:30 pm)
3. 45분 & 15분 전
If the minutes pass 45 minutes, you can read as it is. But you can also read the remaining minutes to the next hour.
밤 열 시 사십오 분 or 밤 열한 시 십오 분 전 (= 15 minutes before 11 o’clock)
Reading 24-hour Clock
The 24-hour clock system divides a day into 24 hours and it is not necessary to mention 오전 (A.M.) and 오후 (P.M.) unlike the 12-hour clock system. When you read the time with the 24-hour clock system, it is preferred to use the native Korean numbers.
Time (A.M.) Time (P.M)
01:00 – 한 시 13:00 – 열 세 시
02:00 – 두 시 14:00 – 열 네 시
03:00 – 세 시 15:00 – 열 다섯 시
04:00 – 네 시 16:00 – 열 여섯 시
05:00 – 다섯 시 17:00 – 열 일곱 시
06:00 – 여섯 시 18:00 – 열 여덟 시
07:00 – 일곱 시 19:00 – 열 아홉 시
08:00 – 여덟 시 20:00 – 이십 시
09:00 – 아홉 시 21:00 – 이십일 시
10:00 – 열 시 22:00 – 이십이 시
11:00 – 열한 시 23:00 – 이십삼 시
12:00 – 열두 시 24:00 – 이십사 시
Dates
Months of the Year
The Sino-Korean numbers are used to read months in Korean with the counter “월 (month)”. I highlighted the month of June, and October with blue color because they are read differently than they are spelled. The sound is changed only to be easily pronounced.
1. January = 1월 (일월)
2. February = 2월 (이월)
3. March = 3월 (삼월)
4. April = 4월 (사월)
5. May = 5월 (오월)
6. June = 6월 (유월, instead of 육월)
7. July = 7월 (칠월)
8. August = 8월 (팔월)
9. September = 9월 (구월)
10. October = 10월 (시월, instead of 십월)
11. November = 11월 (십일월)
12. December = 12월 (십이월)
Date of the Month
The Sino-Korean numbers are also used to read the dates of the months in Korean with the counter “일 (date)”. To pronounce the dates correctly, you need to understand the “consonant assimilation” in order to see how the sound changes. If you have not studied yet, you can take Korean alphabet lessons first because it explains how Korean words change the sound. It will be helpful to understand not only how to read the dates but also how to read all Korean words correctly like native speakers.
If you have no problem with reading it, let’s see the example to study the date of the month.
4월 (April) | ||||||
일요일 | 월요일 | 화요일 | 수요일 | 목요일 | 금요일 | 토요일 |
1일 (일 일) | 2일 (이 일) | 3일 (삼 일) | 4일 (사 일) | 5일 (오 일) | 6일 (육 일) | 7일 (칠 일) |
8일 (팔 일) | 9일 (구 일) | 10일 (십 일) | 11일 (십일 일) | 12일 (십이 일) | 13일 (십삼 일) | 14일 (십사 일) |
15일 (십오 일) | 16일 (십육 일) | 17일 (십칠 일) | 18일 (십팔 일) | 19일 (십구 일) | 20일 (이십 일) | 21일 (이십일 일) |
22일 (이십이 일) | 23일 (이십삼 일) | 24일 (이십사 일) | 25일 (이십오 일) | 26일 (이십육 일) | 27일 (이십칠 일) | 28일 (이십팔 일) |
29일 (이십구 일) | 30일 (삼십 일) | 31일 (삼십일 일) |
Days of the Week
1. Sunday = 일요일
2. Monday = 월요일
3. Tuesday = 화요일
4. Wednesday = 수요일
5. Thursday = 목요일
6. Friday = 금요일
7. Saturday = 토요일
Four Seasons
1. Spring = 봄 / the spring season = 봄철
2. Summer = 여름 / the summer season = 여름철
3. Fall, Autumn = 가을 / the season of fall = 여름철
4. Winter = 겨울 / the season of winter = 겨울철
Year
The Sino-Korean numbers are used to read years with the counter “년 (year)”.
2024년 = 이천이십삼 년
1692년 = 천육백구십이 년
1958년 = 천구백오십팔 년
Writing Time and Dates
When we write the time and dates in English there is an order to write (ex. MM/DD/YY). However, the order of writing time and dates in Korean is totally opposite of English. The time and dates in Korean start from larger units first and are followed by the smaller units (ex. YY/MM/DD). Thus, the “year” comes before “month,” and “month” comes before “day”.
Order : Year > Month > Day > Days of the Week > Time
For example,
1. 2024년 3월 12일 일요일 오후 4시 36분
2. 1983년 7월 24일 화요일 밤 10시 20분
3. 1950년 6월 29일 목요일 새벽 5시
Note : The Solar Calendar (양력) and The Lunar Calendar (음력)
There are two types of calendar systems in Korea : the solar calendar (양력) and the lunar calendar (음력). Nowadays Koreans usually use the solar calendar system as an official system. So there won’t be a problem even though you only know about the solar calendar system.
The solar system counts 365 days as a year by taking the time that the earth turns around the sun. This is how we calculate the dates to celebrate birthdays and holidays now. Unlike the solar system, the lunar calendar system counts a month by taking a cycle of changing a moon’s shape. Thus, the method of counting dates is totally different from each other. However, it is common to use the solar calendar system as you are already used to it.
So, it would be enough to know that there are two different calendar systems and the solar calendar system is used more widely in Korea.